IT ethics: Hacking And Copyrights Essay

IT morals is another part of morals that is developing and changing quickly as IT innovation likewise develops and creates. The term â€Å"IT ethics† is available to understandings both expansive and thin. From one viewpoint, for instance, IT morals may be seen barely as the endeavors of expert rationalists to apply customary moral hypotheses or uprightness morals to issues with respect to the utilization of IT innovation. Then again, it is conceivable to interpret IT morals in an extremely wide manner to incorporate, also, measures of expert practice, sets of accepted rules, parts of IT law, open strategy, corporate morals †even certain subjects in the human science and brain research of processing. In the industrialized countries of the world, the â€Å"information revolution† as of now has essentially adjusted numerous parts of life †in banking and business, work and business, clinical consideration, national resistance, transportation and amusement. Therefore, data innovation has started to influence network life, family life, human connections, training, opportunity, popular government, etc. IT morals in the broadest sense can be comprehended as that part of applied morals, which studies and breaks down such social and moral effects of data innovation (Bynum). As of late, this vigorous new field has prompted new college courses, meetings, workshops, proficient associations, educational plan materials, books, articles, diaries, and examination focuses. The presentation of the World Wide Web in 1990 has catalyzed the extension of the Internet, which is as yet developing today at extraordinary rates and IT morals is rapidly being changed into â€Å"global data ethics†. The ongoing development of the Internet has come about not just in an expansion in the measure of accessible information, yet in addition in an expansion in the issues characteristic to its use and dissemination. It has become certain that conventional principles of direct are not generally appropriate to this new medium, so new moral codes are presently being created. Edward F. Gehringer gives expansive and wide-went grouping of moral issues in data innovation territory. He recognized after fundamental parts of IT morals (Gehringer): Nuts and bolts; Business; IT Abuse; Protected innovation; Security; Dangers; Social Justice Issues; Despite the fact that, practically speaking each case includes at any rate two of those issues. From the outset, let us examine issues of copyrights in present-day IT industry. It appears that this issue manages pretty much every angle recorded above and it will be genuine case of morals usage in IT. In article â€Å"Napster, DVD cases bring up copyright issues in computerized age†, we can watch a few issues concerning copyright issues of IT industry. The article talks about this issue on case of Napster, the Internet web crawler which permits more than 60 millions purchasers to discover and download free music. â€Å"Experts state the cutting edge setting in which copyright questions are being raised †as exemplified by the Napster case in California and a DVD-encryption case out of New York †likewise shows that the law is consistently a couple of steps behind technology.† The Recording Industry Association of America documented a claim against Napster in December 2000, blaming the organization for empowering the illicit duplicating and dissemination of copyright music for a monstrous scope. Creator affirms that the case brings up crucial issues about opportunity of data and action on the Internet and what copyright assurances artists have or don't have in the internet. â€Å"For those and different reasons, lawful specialists point to the Napster case as pivotal to the eventual fate of the internet and copyright law in the United States, the world’s pioneer in cutting edge issues†, he states. In this article, the author additionally portrays how copyright law needs modification since it has gotten so confounded and illogical. He likewise keeps up that many substance suppliers and copyright legal counselors will in general engender â€Å"made-up rules† that indicate to explain ambiguities, for example, the legitimateness of sharing music on distributed document sharing systems. Creator attests that copyright rules, in any case, are in impressive motion nowadays and next to no is clear about these new advancements. As indicated by article, we without a doubt have no commitment to adhere to made-up rules, in spite of the fact that it is some of the time simple to befuddle these plausible prerequisites with genuine ones. Given this disarray, it reasons that the requirement for copyright change is dire. With the unfolding of the Internet and other exceptionally trend setting innovation, individuals all around the globe are currently ready to duplicate, download, and convey copyrighted material easily. Lamentably, the utilization of the Internet has expanded the contention with copyright laws.â In 1998, Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to address the dubious issue of copyright securities in a computerized situation. A significant part of that law was against circumvention insurance, which banished individuals from going around secret word ensured and other secure Web locales that give access to inventive works. The law said the copyright proprietors could document common claims against the individuals who break into such secure Web destinations. This is the legitimately material law in the DVD case. At its center, copyright law says that the makers of certain scholarly and aesthetic works reserve the option to guarantee that unapproved individuals don't utilize their work for unapproved purposes. The makers hold the copyright. They can surrender their selective right to distributers or other approved substances temporarily or for all time. Enactment and court decisions have held that individuals have a noteworthy option to utilize exemptions inside the copyright law to keep away from claims. Then again, if the mind larger part of entertainers managed by the copyright law are common end-clients, it looks bad to demand that every one of them hold copyright counsel so as to fit herself inside specialties made to suit organizations and foundations, nor is it astute to draw the lines where the agents of today’s current partners demand they would want to draw them. Expanding the remedies and prohibitions of the current copyright law to oversee the ordinary demonstrations of non-business, non-institutional clients is a principal change. To do as such without influencing a radical move in the copyright parity will require a similarly major change in the copyright legal plan. In an entire, issues in article raised well overall, contradicting two distinct perspectives on copyright issue †from creator’s and from consumer’s side. Without a doubt, both the Napster and DVD cases raise free discourse, reasonable use and copyright issues, which makes them imperative to future lawful and authoritative activity in the cutting edge zone. Utilizing those cases author shows dubious issues and reasons that the requirement for copyright change is earnest. Then again there is no solid help for reasons wherein way enactment concerning copyrights could be set up. As I would like to think, the expressiveness encompassing computerized copyright as a rule, and distributed record sharing and DVD encryption specifically, warmed in article, rouses extraordinary disarray about what the copyright law does and doesn't forbid. As a rule, a large portion of the key legitimate inquiries are as yet agitated, partially on the grounds that copyright respondents have come up short on cash and left business before their cases could go to preliminary. In that vacuum, some copyright proprietors are guaranteeing that their favored guidelines of lead are settled lawful necessities. There might be a moral commitment to adhere to genuine principles, in any event, when they appear to be absurd. Be that as it may, there is any moral commitment to follow made-up ones. Without a doubt, in this unique situation, we may have a moral commitment to oppose them. While thinking about this new and propelled method of sharing data, concerning copyright laws, the accompanying variables must be surveyed: the lawfulness of the circumstance, monetary misfortunes and increases, and good issues. Two distinct perspectives can be unavoidably contended over this dubious issue; the individuals who think the downloading of copyrighted material, without the consent of the creator is robbery, and the individuals who accept record sharing of copyrighted material is their privilege in the data age.â Although the computerized age has made trend setting innovation accessible to everybody, the standards of equity and reasonableness should at present win. As an IT proficient, we have the ethical obligations to call attention to when important about copyrights. We ought to know that copyrighted material on the Internet is accessible for nothing download just if the makers offer agree to its distribution and dissemination. It very well may be sure that the discussion on copyright in the computerized age will proceed, and that an authoritative arrangement will require a significant stretch of time to go after each side.â Technology will consistently be here and will keep on progressing, yet the ventures must be happy to work with the innovation to fulfill the needs of the shopper in the data age. Hacking is additionally one of the most noteworthy issues these days, which includes pretty much every part of IT morals. Second article I have submitted for hacking morals point is â€Å"Under the skin of computerized crime† from BBC News. The article talks about issues of â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative† hacking. It asserts that in the past hacking was something positive. It was done for the sake of scholarly interest as opposed to budgetary prize. Presently hacking has become a movement that holds two positions and is in this way both solemnized for its canny imagination and slandered for its shrewd demonstrations. Article guarantees that the morals behind hacking and the activities taken by programmers establish a pronouncement that rises above customary comprehension of this action. Programmers contend that their activities advance a methods for more tight security

Concept Of Power Between Legitimate And Illegitimate †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Concept Of Power Between Legitimate And Illegitimate. Answer: The creators underlined on the idea of intensity and depicts that why it involves a flat out situation in the general public. In such manner, the viewpoints of the old Athenians were examined which recognizes authentic and ill-conceived power. A case of Machiavellis the Prince has been represented where people can observer power as mastery and control where the Prince effectively deals with the general public by using both real and ill-conceived power. It is important to make reference to here that since days of yore, power has been adequately applied by the general public towards the people. As indicated by Hobbes, there is a progression of intensity from society to person. In Nietzsches viewpoint power is considered as the ability to characterize reality. In any case, Lukes brought up that force is a basically challenged idea. Wittgenstein anyway accentuated on ideas of family similarity so as to characterize power as a social wonder. In the main section Gerhard Gohler acquainted the qualification between power with and control over which stirred from the differentiation made by Aristotle concerning authentic and ill-conceived power. Different irregularities were seen in the qualification between power toand control over. In this manner, Gohler supplanted them with transitive and intransitive. In the subsequent section, Keith Dowding underscored that organization and situational advantage is a deliberate quality inside the discerning decision hypothesis. Consequently, he applied the idea of intensity so as to defeat the allegation that objective decision hypothesis is simply founded on specialist driven point of view. In Chapter 3, Peter Morriss exhibited that how an away from of intensity is fundamental in characterizing the authenticity inside the liberal custom. In Chapter 4, by utilizing the techniques for similar political humanism, Charles Tilly analyzed the usage of intensity files in understanding degrees of majority rules system and political strength. In Chapter 5, Rob Stones concentrated on the comprehension of intensity inside the system of structuration hypothesis which was created by Anthony Giddens. In Chapter 6, the working of intensity in talk hypothesis has been clarified by Jacob Torfing. In Chapter 7, centered that how systems are helpful in comprising textures of intensity. In the Chapters 8 and 9, the points of view of various researchers have been considered with the development of another topography of intensity. Saskia Sassen alarms the perusers about the covering blend of spaces and times as the sign of the worldwide. Be that as it may, Allen focused on the pretended by private value courses of action. In Chapter 10, Sir Isaiah Berlin gave qualification among positive and negative freedom. The questionable arrangement advancement has been portrayed which has direct intercession with the native networks of Australia. In this Chapter the conversation of intensity out of nowhere moves towards the idea of traditional freedom. The creators expressed that so as to be liberated from power it is imperative to increase outright freedom. In Chapter 11, Nigel Rapport inferred that how the focal addressing administering the idea of intensity is identified with the significance of oneself. He advised force is basic as it helps in comprehension and tending to the legislative issues of personality. In Chapter 12, Fredrick Engelstad remarked that the idea of intensity is seen from social point of view within the sight of different interpretational modes which impacts the social conduct of people. In Chapter 13, Gramscis venture on authority began and accordingly formed explored thinking on power in another manner. In Chapter 14, the great Weberian account that oversees the connection among force and authority is reevaluated. In Chapter 15, basic ideas of intensity rose out of the Community Power Debate. Be that as it may, in Chapter 16 of intensity was applied was applied to the new rising idea of women's liberation and their conversations corresponding to race, sex, class and sexuality. In Chapter 17, the creators shared their points of view on Machiavellian, Nietzscheian and Foucauldian so as to characterize the record of intensity. The creators David Courpasson and Franoise Dany showed on the way that force and obstruction are not really ill-conceived exercises. Kevin Ryan in Chapter 19 investigated that how the relations of intensity are comprised. Part 20 concentrated on vital social point of view on the state-power nexus. In Chapter 21 it was noted by Phil Cerny concerning neo-pragmatist point of view that so as to comprehend the issues of world legislative issues it is essential to concentrate on the force looking for activities of the state just as on state entertainers. It has been at long last reasoned that force is an applied apparatus which is anything but a solitary substance; it is everlastingly challenged.

Some of the topics

Some of the topics If you havent yet, I recommend that you first read my previous entry on 14.33: Economics Research and Communication. Here are my classmates topics. Can anyone guess mine? November 29: Education in Kerala, India Textile industry and trade Determinants of the price of vodka Access to the morning-after pill and unsafe sex December 1: Impact of Vioxxs downfall on pharmaceutical company stocks Relationship between gender inequality and economic growth Demand for Coke vs. Pepsi Determinants of house prices in Newton December 6: Impact of hurricanes on oil and gas industry Prospect theory and the real estate market for condos Impact of Vioxxs downfall on pharmaceutical company stocks December 8: The Atkins diet and its effect on the sugar industry Gender inequality, the labor market and household purchases Impact of oil and gas shocks on the macroeconomy Determinants of prices of cars on Craigs list Adoption of the Euro and economic growth December 13: MCAS scores and housing prices in Newton The closing minutes of the stock market Corruption and economic growth Drunk driving and dry campuses Property taxes, wages, and public goods

The Pentangle Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight - 1947 Words

The pentangle in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight which is displayed on the front side of Gawain’s shield, represents his knighthood and all that Gawain stands for. â€Å"In particular, Gawain s courtesy is associated with his virtue in the symbolic device of the pentangle in his shield (Morgan, p.770).† One of the points of the pentangle represents courtesy, which means a knight has to be courteous to not only women, but also men, in order to be able to be seen as reaching this pillar. Courtesy is an important virtue to knights because without courtesy knights would be seen as rude and uncaring, so knights provide their service free of charge, while acting as politely as possible, in order to try and achieve this mark of knighthood. Gawain was†¦show more content†¦The pentangle facing up represents reason, and this can be shown by having an image of the pentangle, and seeing that if an image of a person were to be in the middle of the pentangle the head would b e at the top of the point. This means that Gawain thinks first most of the time, before he does anything. Once Gawain arrives at the castle he is given a test that will see if reason out ways passion. The way this is tested is by the lord of the castle making a deal between himself and Gawain in that whatever the person wins or gets for the day they must trade off at the end of the night. Gawain ultimately fails the test when the lady of the castle offers him a gift that will save his life. This failure shows that Gawain values passion over his life more than reason/respect for his deal with the lord of the castle. Since passion won out the pentangle is now flipped upside down with passion taking the lead. Since passion is ultimately winning Gawain has fallen down a level as a knight, because it has now been proven that he is not as pure as everyone made him out to be. The girdle in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is given by the lady of the castle as a test to see if Arthur’ s court was as noble and honorable as people were lead to believe. â€Å"The girdle which the Lady gives to Gawain, differs to some degree from my first because it is not, like the pentangle, intrinsicallyShow MoreRelatedThe Pentangle in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight Essay3294 Words   |  14 PagesThe Pentangle in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight When writing, never explain your symbols. The author of ``Sir Gawain and the Green Knight dropped this unspoken rule when he picked up his pen. Why? The detailed description and exposition of the pentangle form the key to understanding this poem. By causing the reader to view Gawains quest in terms of the pentangle, the narrator compares the knightly ideals with the reality of Gawains life. The narrator uses the pentangle to promote the knightlyRead MoreExamples Of The Pentangle In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1233 Words   |  5 PagesIn the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain brings two very different items to face the Green Knight. The pentangle on Gawain’s shield and the green girdle he ties around himself are both complex symbols with many contrasting meanings. One of the ways the Gawain-poet uses these items is juxtaposing them to develop Sir Gawain’s character. The pentangle represents the ideal human perfection and the green girdle causes Gawain to f ail to teach him about his lack of perfection. At the same timeRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, the protagonist, Sir Gawain, is illustrated as the imperfect hero of the tale. His documented imperfections and various flaws create a sense of irony when put into comparison with the depiction of the pentangle on his shield. The pentangle, designed by King Solomon of old as his own magical seal, symbolizes the virtues that Gawain aspires to uphold: to be faultless in his five senses, that his five fingers were never at fault, being faithful to the five woundsRead MoreChivalry Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight904 Words   |  4 PagesChivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight There are many great movies, like â€Å"300† or â€Å"Saving Private Ryan,† that are told with the classic chivalry elements that were known to describe the noble knights from hundreds of years ago. Much like the courageous soldiers in these movies, Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, faced many conflicts that might have questioned his moral code of nobleness. Sir Gawain was a great knight that was loyal to King Arthur and had the courage to take on theRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the poet depicts an entertaining story of adventure and intrigue. However, the poem is more than a grand adventure. It is an attempt to explore the moral ideals of Sir Gawain. Gawains standards are represented by the pentangle on his shield. The depiction of the pentangle occurs when Sir Gawain is preparing to gear up for his quest for the Green Chapel. Gawains outfit is described in great detail, including its color,Read MoreImportance Of A Pentangle And Their Long Uses And The Past History Associated With It1534 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to understand the importance of a pentangle we must learn about its long uses and the past history associated with it. Beginning around 3500 BC in the vicinity of Mesopotamia is where the oldest known origins of a Pentangle can be found and dated. During this time the pentangle has been used as a religious symbol all around the world from the beginning of recorded history. The most common shape is a five- pointed star that is drawn as one main line that is broken into five line segments whereRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe language of symbols plays a major role in medieval poetry â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† is no exception. The use of symbolism gives a writer the ability to draw important connections between items in their story and the audience. The poet behind â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† gives the reader a detailed description of the pentagram, his most important symbol, in order to form the key understanding of this poem. The narrator compares knightly ideals such as integrity, focus, and strengthRead MoreThe Audience, the Pentagle and the Green Sash in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Green Sash in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Works Cited Missing Although some early manuscripts of the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight still exist, nothing, beyond speculation, is known about the poet, which is a pity when considering its rich language and imagery. Believed to have been written between 1375 and 1400, and some 2500 lines long, the unknown poet blent a unique mixture of chivalry, the Beheading Game and the temptation of a knight called Sir GawainRead MoreSir Gawains Shield and the Quest for Perfection Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pages Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a religious allegory full of Christian symbolism with the central message of sin, forgiveness, and redemption. The poem is a great story of virtues, trust and honor. Its an Arthurian romance in which Sir Gawain carries a shield on his chest in his quest for Green Knight. Gawains shield has two images, a picture of Virgin Mary on the inside and Painted upon his shield is a five-pointed star (pentangle). He is a perfect knight who realizes that it is importantRead MoreSymbolism in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.1460 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight is a medieval poem by an unknown author, written in Middle English in the 14th century. This poem is uncanny to most poems about heroism and knightly quests as it doesn’t follow the complete circle seen in other heroism tales. This poem is different to all the rest as it shows human weaknesses as well as strengths which disturbs the myth of the perfect knight, or the faultless hero. The author uses symbolism as a literary device in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to

Single-Sex Education Free Essays

string(125) " though because they gained more self-confidence and had a more settled beginning to their new secondary stage of education\." Term Paper April 2, 2010 Single-Sex Education Have you ever been sitting in a classroom and wondered what it would be like to have an entire class with just girls or just boys? What about an entire school? The drive for gender equity in American education occurred during the 1970’s and 1980’s, which was pushing coeducation forward. The Title IX legislation, passed by Congress in 1972, sharpened public awareness of equity issues that were related to gender.Public concerns about sexual freedom; a rise in unmarried–especially teenage– pregnancy; and the growth of sexually transmitted diseases led to a reconsideration of coeducational guidelines. We will write a custom essay sample on Single-Sex Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the late 1970’s, researchers began to note the higher levels of women academic achievements at single-sex colleges compared to coeducational institutions. In a 1992 published report, the American Association of University Women questioned whether or not coeducation was the best way to achieve the higher levels of accomplishments for young women.They claimed that women were more likely to be ignored in class discussions and subjects to threats of sexual harassment. Educational reformers were concerned about the low academic performances of young African-American males. They began to explore the possibility of all-male academies, to provide an environment that would be free of distractions in which these students could focus on achievements. (Rury, 2008) When tolled together, the numbers are not in favor of single-sex education because ninety-six percent of private schools are coeducational (Kennedy, 2010).Kennedy stated that only one point eight percent of girls and two poi nt two percent of boys are educated in single-sex schools (2010). But this could be because out of the ninety-three thousand public schools in America, only two hundred and forty-one of them even offer single-sex classes (McNamara, 2006). According to CBS Evening news reporter, Melissa McNamara stated, â€Å"Three years ago, Woodward Elementary near Orlando, Florida, separated boys and girls. The school’s standardized test scores have jumped for both genders.After two years of same-sex classes, seventy-one percent of students beat the national average in reading, and seventy-nine percent beat it in math (2006). † The first academic source I found that directly relates to my topic is called â€Å"Effect of single-sex education on progress in GCSE,† written by Eva Malacova. A recent study found that boys in single-sex schools do better on average GCSE, while girls on total GCSE scores. If you do not know what GCSE is a public examination taken by sixteen year old school pupils in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland at the end o f Year Eleven. Another study was done that showed boys performed better in single-sex grammar schools compared to their peers in mixed schools. Also lower ability boys did better in single-sex comprehensive schools than coeducational schools. (Malacova, 2007) Another study that was done, reported that girls in single-sex independent schools achieve on average 0. 179 GCSE points more than those in coeducational independent schools for prior performance, but they achieved 0. 175 points lower progress on average for grammar schools. The same study also stated that boys in single-sex independent schools seem to achieve on average 0. 04 GCSE points more than boys attending coeducational independent schools, but they achieved 0. 273 points lower progress on average for grammar schools. In conclusion for this academic journal source, girls that attended single-sex independent schools achieve higher progress from GCSE when compared to peers in coeducational independent schools. It was the same for boys, as it said that boys in single-sex independent schools seem to achieve a higher mean GCSE score compared to their peers in coeducational independent schools. (Malacova, 2007)The second academic article I found was entitled â€Å"Single-sex schooling: is it simply a ‘class act’? † written by Georgina Tsolidis and Ian R. Dobson. They stated that single-sex education will not provide students with the full range of curriculum options, role models, and experience of each other, which make an easier successful social interest into future study and work. This source stated that the National Association for Single-Sex Public Education reported on a study by the National Foundation for Educational Research which discovered that both boys and girls did significantly better in single-sex schools than in mixed schools. Tsolidis ;amp; Dobson, 2006) The final academic journal source I found is, â€Å"Cross-school Mentoring: training and implementing a peer mentoring strategy† by Gill Pyatt. This journal talked about a mentoring program that United Kingdom has been using that started early 1980’s and then was later improved after Topping combined a variety of practices. The program has Year Seven students, ages eleven to twelve, from a United Kingdom inner-city girl’s school, get cross-mentored by Year Twelve, ages sixteen and seventeen years old, from another local girl’s school. (Pyatt, 2002)The Year Twelve girls had to go through a training program that lasted a total of twelve hours, to advance them for what was to come when they were start mentoring and throughout the mentoring program. The training consisted of listening skills which taught them to become better listeners, how to find solutions to the Year Seven girls’ problems, and confidentiality. The progra m also taught the Year Twelve girls how to look at it from the Year Seven girls’ perspectives and how to encourage the younger pupils to recognize and read moods of other people, adults and peers. Pyatt, 2002) After the training program the Year Twelve girls were introduced to the forty girls that they were going to mentor of Year Seven. The four Year Twelve girls mentored the five Year Seven girls which occurred weekly, throughout the summer, for seven weeks for about a quarter of an hour on every occasion. As the autumn term came a new team of four mentors was recruited from the Year Twelve group and twenty new Year Seven students were chosen. (Pyatt, 2002)By the end of the autumn term it was agreed that the cross-mentoring program had been very helpful, beneficial, and was a complete success. The program benefitted both the Year Seven girls and Year Twelve girls. Especially the Year Seven girls though because they gained more self-confidence and had a more settled beginning to their new secondary stage of education. You read "Single-Sex Education" in category "Papers" The current project was said to continue for years to come and there are plans to expand the mentoring strategy to include identified students from Year Eight and Year Nine. Pyatt, 2002) There are multiple sociological view points that a person coul d use to describe single-sex education. The first view point a person could use is the functionalistic view. The functionalist theory could be applied to single-sex education because it limits the amounts of sexual temptations that normal coeducation high schools students have to deal with. This will then result in you getting a better grades because you will not have to worry about how pretty you look or how you can make yourself to look more sexually attractive.Furthermore males will not feel the urge to try to impress the women and to be physical fit and perfect. From both the male and female perspective, it reduces the amount of stress that normal coeducational high school students have to put up with. Single-sex education also provides fewer distractions that can be created by the students of the opposite sex, which can, in the end, increase your grades because you will be provided with a lot more opportunities to work harder and longer on your school work. The second view point a person could use is the conflict vie w. The conflict theory could be applied to single-sex education because usually only the people that are supplied with enough money and are well off are able to have their children attend to these schools. If you really think about it, how many people with money problems or of middle class have children that attend a single-sex school? Single-sex schools tend to be very pricey and cost way too much for people of middle class and below to afford. Usually only the rich are sent to these schools, which only enables well off people and students to usually only associate with other well off people or students.Another view point a person could use is from a religious view. A religious view point could be applied to single-sex education because it makes it easier to assist students to prolong their practice absence. This is because they are only attending school with students of the same gender so it limits their options of places to meet boys and to date. Single-sex schools also gives support to and helps with premarital sex. This is also because they are not attending school with the opposite gender which enables them to focus more on other things such as academics, athletics, and other activities.In single-sex schools students that already have boyfriends or girlfriends will be less temped and will have fewer opportunities to be able to cheat on their boyfriend or girlfriend. The culture I selected was the United Kingdom. The similarity between the United Kingdom and the United States on the topic of single-sex education is an obvious fact, which is that students that attend the schools are the same. Another thing they have in common is that in both places the studies usually showed that single-sex schools was the better choice because the boys and girls had higher test scores.The difference between the United States and the United Kingdom is the number practicing single-sex teaching has shot up in the United Kingdom in the last four years from seven to two-hundred-and-twenty-three. As opposed to the U nited Kingdom, in the United States the overall trend is in the opposite direction because in the last decade one-hundred-and-thirty independent schools that were single-sex schools have either become coeducational schools or closed down. In the state sector the number of single-sex schools has fallen in the past forty years from nearly two-thousand-five-hundred to just over four-hundred. Asthana, 2006) When I search the internet I found, and got the following information from Marian High School’s web page at marian. dev, an all girl school called Marian High School located in Northwest Omaha; it is the only Class A, college-prep school for girls.The school is also religious and says that it is committed to teaching and living the six core values, which are inspired by our sponsoring order, the Servants of Mary. At this school, the web page also said, you are enforced to wear a uniform which consists of either a uniform sweatshirt, Dennis hunter green top with he school’s logo, or club sweatshirt or shirt for the top. For the bottom half of the uniform you have to wear either a Dennis, black watch, plaid skirt or skort that is not shorter than the extended finger tips, zipped and not rolled at the waist or Dennis khaki slacks or khaki walking shorts that is not shorter than the extended finger tips. One way single-sex education is depicted into the media is through the television show â€Å"Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. † In the show all the children attend a single-sex school.This television show supports what I said earlier about how usually only the people who are well off are able to send their children to single-sex schools. In the show the dad, Phillip Banks, is very rich because he is a judge. In the show, it obviously demonstrates how rich the Banks are because they live in a mansion, have a pool, have a pool house, and even have a butler named Geoffrey Barbara. Another way single-sex education is depicted in the media is through â€Å"The Amy Oliver Show: Single-Sex Education. In this podcast it is mostly about encouraging single-sex education and talks about various topics. Some of the topics are the options, who should decide whether or not you go to a single-sex school, and Title IX and single-sex education. (Kasic, 2008) In my own views about single-sex education in light of the information I have just reviewed I found out that single-sex schools seem like the better choice when looking for a better education. Numbers obviously have proved my point about when separate girls and boys do better with their studies then when together.I do agree that, especially girls, sometimes focus more on how sexually attractive we are or how to look more attractive than we do on our school work, which I think is really sad. I also know that in school kids can get sexual temptations to want and feel the need to skip class to go screw around with a person of the opposite sex in the library or backstage or something. As for suggestions for social change that I would make if change seems to be needed, the only thing I could think of is to somehow have social events, like once a month or so, that included an all boy’s and all girl’s school.This way they will develop some type of social skills with the opposite sex without having to see them and trying to impress them every day. This way they will not have to put up with the distractions the opposite sex causes for the other or the sexual temptations that normal coeducational high school students have to go through five days a week. How to cite Single-Sex Education, Papers

Single-Sex Education Free Essays

string(125) " though because they gained more self-confidence and had a more settled beginning to their new secondary stage of education\." Term Paper April 2, 2010 Single-Sex Education Have you ever been sitting in a classroom and wondered what it would be like to have an entire class with just girls or just boys? What about an entire school? The drive for gender equity in American education occurred during the 1970’s and 1980’s, which was pushing coeducation forward. The Title IX legislation, passed by Congress in 1972, sharpened public awareness of equity issues that were related to gender.Public concerns about sexual freedom; a rise in unmarried–especially teenage– pregnancy; and the growth of sexually transmitted diseases led to a reconsideration of coeducational guidelines. We will write a custom essay sample on Single-Sex Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the late 1970’s, researchers began to note the higher levels of women academic achievements at single-sex colleges compared to coeducational institutions. In a 1992 published report, the American Association of University Women questioned whether or not coeducation was the best way to achieve the higher levels of accomplishments for young women.They claimed that women were more likely to be ignored in class discussions and subjects to threats of sexual harassment. Educational reformers were concerned about the low academic performances of young African-American males. They began to explore the possibility of all-male academies, to provide an environment that would be free of distractions in which these students could focus on achievements. (Rury, 2008) When tolled together, the numbers are not in favor of single-sex education because ninety-six percent of private schools are coeducational (Kennedy, 2010).Kennedy stated that only one point eight percent of girls and two poi nt two percent of boys are educated in single-sex schools (2010). But this could be because out of the ninety-three thousand public schools in America, only two hundred and forty-one of them even offer single-sex classes (McNamara, 2006). According to CBS Evening news reporter, Melissa McNamara stated, â€Å"Three years ago, Woodward Elementary near Orlando, Florida, separated boys and girls. The school’s standardized test scores have jumped for both genders.After two years of same-sex classes, seventy-one percent of students beat the national average in reading, and seventy-nine percent beat it in math (2006). † The first academic source I found that directly relates to my topic is called â€Å"Effect of single-sex education on progress in GCSE,† written by Eva Malacova. A recent study found that boys in single-sex schools do better on average GCSE, while girls on total GCSE scores. If you do not know what GCSE is a public examination taken by sixteen year old school pupils in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland at the end o f Year Eleven. Another study was done that showed boys performed better in single-sex grammar schools compared to their peers in mixed schools. Also lower ability boys did better in single-sex comprehensive schools than coeducational schools. (Malacova, 2007) Another study that was done, reported that girls in single-sex independent schools achieve on average 0. 179 GCSE points more than those in coeducational independent schools for prior performance, but they achieved 0. 175 points lower progress on average for grammar schools. The same study also stated that boys in single-sex independent schools seem to achieve on average 0. 04 GCSE points more than boys attending coeducational independent schools, but they achieved 0. 273 points lower progress on average for grammar schools. In conclusion for this academic journal source, girls that attended single-sex independent schools achieve higher progress from GCSE when compared to peers in coeducational independent schools. It was the same for boys, as it said that boys in single-sex independent schools seem to achieve a higher mean GCSE score compared to their peers in coeducational independent schools. (Malacova, 2007)The second academic article I found was entitled â€Å"Single-sex schooling: is it simply a ‘class act’? † written by Georgina Tsolidis and Ian R. Dobson. They stated that single-sex education will not provide students with the full range of curriculum options, role models, and experience of each other, which make an easier successful social interest into future study and work. This source stated that the National Association for Single-Sex Public Education reported on a study by the National Foundation for Educational Research which discovered that both boys and girls did significantly better in single-sex schools than in mixed schools. Tsolidis ;amp; Dobson, 2006) The final academic journal source I found is, â€Å"Cross-school Mentoring: training and implementing a peer mentoring strategy† by Gill Pyatt. This journal talked about a mentoring program that United Kingdom has been using that started early 1980’s and then was later improved after Topping combined a variety of practices. The program has Year Seven students, ages eleven to twelve, from a United Kingdom inner-city girl’s school, get cross-mentored by Year Twelve, ages sixteen and seventeen years old, from another local girl’s school. (Pyatt, 2002)The Year Twelve girls had to go through a training program that lasted a total of twelve hours, to advance them for what was to come when they were start mentoring and throughout the mentoring program. The training consisted of listening skills which taught them to become better listeners, how to find solutions to the Year Seven girls’ problems, and confidentiality. The progra m also taught the Year Twelve girls how to look at it from the Year Seven girls’ perspectives and how to encourage the younger pupils to recognize and read moods of other people, adults and peers. Pyatt, 2002) After the training program the Year Twelve girls were introduced to the forty girls that they were going to mentor of Year Seven. The four Year Twelve girls mentored the five Year Seven girls which occurred weekly, throughout the summer, for seven weeks for about a quarter of an hour on every occasion. As the autumn term came a new team of four mentors was recruited from the Year Twelve group and twenty new Year Seven students were chosen. (Pyatt, 2002)By the end of the autumn term it was agreed that the cross-mentoring program had been very helpful, beneficial, and was a complete success. The program benefitted both the Year Seven girls and Year Twelve girls. Especially the Year Seven girls though because they gained more self-confidence and had a more settled beginning to their new secondary stage of education. You read "Single-Sex Education" in category "Papers" The current project was said to continue for years to come and there are plans to expand the mentoring strategy to include identified students from Year Eight and Year Nine. Pyatt, 2002) There are multiple sociological view points that a person coul d use to describe single-sex education. The first view point a person could use is the functionalistic view. The functionalist theory could be applied to single-sex education because it limits the amounts of sexual temptations that normal coeducation high schools students have to deal with. This will then result in you getting a better grades because you will not have to worry about how pretty you look or how you can make yourself to look more sexually attractive.Furthermore males will not feel the urge to try to impress the women and to be physical fit and perfect. From both the male and female perspective, it reduces the amount of stress that normal coeducational high school students have to put up with. Single-sex education also provides fewer distractions that can be created by the students of the opposite sex, which can, in the end, increase your grades because you will be provided with a lot more opportunities to work harder and longer on your school work. The second view point a person could use is the conflict vie w. The conflict theory could be applied to single-sex education because usually only the people that are supplied with enough money and are well off are able to have their children attend to these schools. If you really think about it, how many people with money problems or of middle class have children that attend a single-sex school? Single-sex schools tend to be very pricey and cost way too much for people of middle class and below to afford. Usually only the rich are sent to these schools, which only enables well off people and students to usually only associate with other well off people or students.Another view point a person could use is from a religious view. A religious view point could be applied to single-sex education because it makes it easier to assist students to prolong their practice absence. This is because they are only attending school with students of the same gender so it limits their options of places to meet boys and to date. Single-sex schools also gives support to and helps with premarital sex. This is also because they are not attending school with the opposite gender which enables them to focus more on other things such as academics, athletics, and other activities.In single-sex schools students that already have boyfriends or girlfriends will be less temped and will have fewer opportunities to be able to cheat on their boyfriend or girlfriend. The culture I selected was the United Kingdom. The similarity between the United Kingdom and the United States on the topic of single-sex education is an obvious fact, which is that students that attend the schools are the same. Another thing they have in common is that in both places the studies usually showed that single-sex schools was the better choice because the boys and girls had higher test scores.The difference between the United States and the United Kingdom is the number practicing single-sex teaching has shot up in the United Kingdom in the last four years from seven to two-hundred-and-twenty-three. As opposed to the U nited Kingdom, in the United States the overall trend is in the opposite direction because in the last decade one-hundred-and-thirty independent schools that were single-sex schools have either become coeducational schools or closed down. In the state sector the number of single-sex schools has fallen in the past forty years from nearly two-thousand-five-hundred to just over four-hundred. Asthana, 2006) When I search the internet I found, and got the following information from Marian High School’s web page at marian. dev, an all girl school called Marian High School located in Northwest Omaha; it is the only Class A, college-prep school for girls.The school is also religious and says that it is committed to teaching and living the six core values, which are inspired by our sponsoring order, the Servants of Mary. At this school, the web page also said, you are enforced to wear a uniform which consists of either a uniform sweatshirt, Dennis hunter green top with he school’s logo, or club sweatshirt or shirt for the top. For the bottom half of the uniform you have to wear either a Dennis, black watch, plaid skirt or skort that is not shorter than the extended finger tips, zipped and not rolled at the waist or Dennis khaki slacks or khaki walking shorts that is not shorter than the extended finger tips. One way single-sex education is depicted into the media is through the television show â€Å"Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. † In the show all the children attend a single-sex school.This television show supports what I said earlier about how usually only the people who are well off are able to send their children to single-sex schools. In the show the dad, Phillip Banks, is very rich because he is a judge. In the show, it obviously demonstrates how rich the Banks are because they live in a mansion, have a pool, have a pool house, and even have a butler named Geoffrey Barbara. Another way single-sex education is depicted in the media is through â€Å"The Amy Oliver Show: Single-Sex Education. In this podcast it is mostly about encouraging single-sex education and talks about various topics. Some of the topics are the options, who should decide whether or not you go to a single-sex school, and Title IX and single-sex education. (Kasic, 2008) In my own views about single-sex education in light of the information I have just reviewed I found out that single-sex schools seem like the better choice when looking for a better education. Numbers obviously have proved my point about when separate girls and boys do better with their studies then when together.I do agree that, especially girls, sometimes focus more on how sexually attractive we are or how to look more attractive than we do on our school work, which I think is really sad. I also know that in school kids can get sexual temptations to want and feel the need to skip class to go screw around with a person of the opposite sex in the library or backstage or something. As for suggestions for social change that I would make if change seems to be needed, the only thing I could think of is to somehow have social events, like once a month or so, that included an all boy’s and all girl’s school.This way they will develop some type of social skills with the opposite sex without having to see them and trying to impress them every day. This way they will not have to put up with the distractions the opposite sex causes for the other or the sexual temptations that normal coeducational high school students have to go through five days a week. How to cite Single-Sex Education, Papers

Vicious Cycles Digital Technologies and Determinants

Question: Discuss about the Vicious Cycles for Digital Technologies and Determinants. Answer: Introduction: Health care provider in Australia includes the conveyance of wellbeing administrations by private, group and open doctor's facilities in territories named provincial and remote. Scientists take note of that the soundness of those living in provincial regions is quantitatively and subjectively extraordinary to those living in real metropolitan territories (Donham Thelin, 2016). These distinctions incorporate frequently huge holes in administration conveyance, availability and lower wellbeing results. Australia is country and remote populaces have poorer wellbeing than their urban partners as for a few wellbeing results. The evidence shows that, they have higher death rates and thusly bring down future. They additionally encounter higher hospitalization rates for a few reasons for sick wellbeing (Wills, Reynold Keleher, 2016). This report embraces a pointer based way to deal with think about the strength of provincial and remote populaces with that of urban Australians. Mortality information, tumor frequency, doctor's facility measurements, ABS 1995 National Health Survey hazard variables, therapeutic work drive insights, and Medicare information have all been examined utilizing the three zone/seven class Rural, Remote and Metropolitan Area grouping (RRMA) (Thomas, Gilbert Thompson, 2017). This arrangement was produced in 1994 together by the Department of Primary Industries and Energy and the then Department of Human Services and Health. The seven RRMA classes are 'capital urba n areas' and 'other metropolitan focuses' inside the metropolitan zone, 'substantial provincial focuses', 'little rustic focuses' and 'other country ranges' inside the country zone, and 'remote focuses' and 'other remote zones' inside the remote zone (Briggs et al., 2014). Individual living in rural area regularly comprehended as living in a spatially, monetarily, socially and socially particular gathering, despite the fact that there are reactions of this point of view (Bourke et al., 2012). The application focuses on the individuals living in little provincial and remote groups of Australia face critical wellbeing burden. The mortality and the levels of the disease increments with separation from the significant areas increase on a huge quantity. In addition, these groups are portrayed by higher hospitalization rates and higher predominance of wellbeing harmful elements contrasted and metropolitan ranges (Beitt et al., 2013). These country and remote groups are further impeded by lessened access to essential medicinal services (PHC) suppliers and wellbeing administrations (to a certain extent an element of welfare and restorative workforce deficiencies), driving thus to lower usage rates than in urban ranges and ensuing poorer wellbeing status for pr ovincial inhabitants (Badland et al., 2014). Regularly these disengaged provincial and remote groups are too little to bolster conventional models of wellbeing conveyance locally, so occupants must get to mind from bigger urban focuses. Tragically, access to wellbeing administrations gave in bigger focuses remains an issue for some inhabitants of disengaged settlements. By and large, their failure to get to wellbeing administrations when required outcomes in wellbeing needs not being sufficiently met, absence of congruity of care and a nonattendance of checking of the adequacy of administrations regarding wellbeing results. The World Health Organization (WHO) focuses the societal determinants of wellbeing as the conditions in which one are conceive, live, develop, age and work. These mentioned conditions are modified by the dispersion of assets, cash and power at all over the world, national and the levels nearby (Kenny et al., 2013). The challenges faced mainly by Australias remote populaces have poorer wellbeing than their urban partners as for a few wellbeing results. They have higher death rates and therefore bring down future. They additionally encounter higher hospitalization rates for a few reasons for sick wellbeing. This report embraces a pointer based way to deal with look at the soundness of provincial and remote populaces with that of the urban sectors of Australians. Mortality information, growth frequency, doctor's facility insights, ABS 1995 National Health Survey chance elements, medicinal work compel measurements, and Medicare information have all been broke down utilizing the three zone/seven classification Rural, Remote and Metropolitan Area order (RRMA). This arrangement was produced in 1994 mutually by the Department of Primary Industries and Energy and the then Department of Human Services and Health (Gibson et al., 2015). The seven RRMA classes are 'capital urban areas' and 'other metropolit an focuses' inside the metropolitan zone, 'extensive country focuses', 'little rustic focuses' and 'other provincial zones' inside the provincial zone, and 'remote focuses' and 'other remote zones' inside the remote zone. The other challenges faced by the social determinants of wellbeing are the major part in arraigning of wellbeing imbalances - the out of line and ignorable contrasts in the status of wellbeing that is seen inside and in between nations. In Australia nation individuals are liable to an indistinguishable sorts of social burden from can happen in urban areas, (for instance, bring down instructive fulfillment, work instabilities and unemployment, poor access to proper lodging and so on) (Hoeft et al., 2016). Nonetheless, in provincial and remote groups the wellbeing impacts of this disservice are exacerbated by poor access to correspondences, (for example, fast broadband, cell phone scope, open transport) and ecological difficulties, (for example, dry spell, surges and bushfire). Social determinants can fortify or undermine the wellbeing of people and groups. For instance, when all is said in done, individuals from poorer social or financial conditions are at more serious danger of weakness than individuals who are more advantaged. A man's wellbeing is additionally impacted by biomedical elements and wellbeing practices that are a piece of their individual way of life and hereditary make-up. These components can be certain in their belongings (for instance, being inoculated against infection), or negative (for instance, devouring liquor at hazardous levels) (Baum,Newman Biedrzycki, 2016). All around, the element nearly connected with the status of wellbeing. This is on the platform that wage gives individual a capacity for controlling their lives: to have entry to great provisions and lodging, for bearing the cost of a scope of medicinal services choices, to live in a "sheltered" neighborhood, manage the cost of time to reproduce, and with expanded chance to be better instructed (Gainsbury et al., 2014). In Australia, wages are nearly 20 for every penny bring down in local zones than in the real urban areas. Furthermore, wage is influenced by the indigenous habitat. Poor seasons influence the salaries of ranchers and of individuals in local focuses who depend on overhauling cultivating groups. As a general guideline a decent season helps farming salaries and those of organizations most firmly identified with it. Environmental change is relied upon to expand the inconstancy of farming wages and in numerous ranges is probably going to discourage them. It is hard to make certain about the relative average cost for basic items in significant urban communities contrasted and provincial and remote ranges. The cost of lodging in provincial and remote territories is 60-80 for each penny of what it is in significant urban communities, however the expenses of fuel, transport and sustenance are generously higher. (Where fuel and transport are concerned these higher costs identify with both unit cost eg per liter and to the required rate of utilization.) The cost of sustenance is around 20 for each penny higher in remote regions, while the assortment reductions and quality has a tendency to be poorer (Crammond Carey,2016). The level of instruction accomplished by an individual is a critical determinant of workforce status and consequently wage. Since pay is generally connected with wellbeing status it involves significance that, contrasted and those in real urban communities, local/remote understudies have bring down instructive accomplishment. Optional school culmination rates are lower and movement to tertiary training is less normal. The previous is in any event to some degree a result of the constrained scope of work choices outside real urban areas (and in this manner of the apparent superfluity of training), while the last in vast part mirrors the extra costs country understudies must bear on the off chance that they are to go to college far from their family home s. The male residing in provincial and remote Australia is relatively more terrible than for those living in urban Australia. This wellbeing differential is remarkable for a few reasons for death and hospitalization, particularly harm, crime and interpersonal viciousness, and diabetes. A few distinct elements may add to this lower wellbeing status. Guys in provincial and remote zones have less affirmative wellbeing related conduct than their female partners As discussed above, the strength of females is for the most part superior to the wellbeing of guys from similar zones. This is reflected in general lower mortality and dismalness for females. Females likewise demonstrate better wellbeing related practices with less females detailing high liquor utilization, high serum cholesterol, smoking of tobacco, or being overweight. Then again, females have higher rates of intense ailment and non-lethal unending conditions than guys. Accordingly, they utilize wellbeing administrations more than guys do. Notwithstanding, numerous females in rustic and remote zones don't go to care groups for managing interminable conditions or stress-related sickness since they are too far away. Aboriginal females in provincial and remote zones have extraordinary wellbeing needs that may not be met despite the fact that a medicinal expert might be accessible to the group. Gynecological examinations can be a specific issue for aboriginal females who may think that its difficult to talk about ladies' business with a male GP (Healthsharing Women 1994). This implies these females might not have square with access to malady anticipating practices, for example, Pap spread testing, bosom examination by a specialist, or risk and postnatal registration. This thusly might be one clarification of the reason of Indigenous females endure a higher weight of sickness contrasted and other Australian females. There are numerous constructive parts of the strength of individuals in provincial and remote zones of Australia. The ABS 1995 National Health Survey information recommend that Australians, paying little respect to geographic area, comprehend the requirement for ailment preventive measures, for example, sun security, Pap spread tests and light exercise. Be that as it may, the soundness of provincial and remote Australians is more awful than their urbanised partners on many measures (Paul, Hollenberg Hodges, 2017). These incorporate harm mortality, particularly street transport, crime and suicide, and also mortality from diabetes and coronary illness. The Indigenous populace contributes significantly to the wellbeing differentials for mortality amongst urban and remote populaces concerning diabetes, murder, suicide and coronary illness (Laitinen et al., 2013). The circulation of Indigenous individuals all through Australia is with the end goal that they contribute the most to wellbei ng differentials in 'remote focuses' and 'other remote zones', yet not to the provincial zone. Reference list: Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., ... Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health.Social science medicine,111, 64-73. Baum, F., Newman, L., Biedrzycki, K. (2014). Vicious cycles: digital technologies and determinants of health in Australia.Health promotion international,29(2), 349-360. Bourke, L., Humphreys, J. S., Wakerman, J., Taylor, J. (2012). Understanding rural and remote health: a framework for analysis in Australia. Health Place, 18(3), 496-503. Briggs, A. M., Towler, S. C., Speerin, R., March, L. M. (2014). Models of care for musculoskeletal health in Australia: now more than ever to drive evidence into health policy and practice. Australian Health Review, 38(4), 401-405. Britt, H., Miller, G. C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., ... O'Halloran, J. (2013). General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (No. 33). Sydney University Press. Crammond, B. R., Carey, G. (2016). Policy change for the social determinants of health: the strange irrelevance of social epidemiology.Evidence Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice. Donham, K. J., Thelin, A. (2016). Agricultural Medicine: Rural Occupational and Environmental Health, Safety, and Prevention. John Wiley Sons. Gainsbury, S. M., Russell, A., Hing, N., Wood, R., Lubman, D. I., Blaszczynski, A. (2014). The prevalence and determinants of problem gambling in Australia: assessing the impact of interactive gambling and new technologies.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,28(3), 769. Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., ... Brown, A. (2015). Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic review.Implementation Science,10(1), 71. Hoeft, T. J., Fortney, J. C., Patel, V., Untzer, J. (2016). Task?Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low?Resource Settings: A Systematic Review.The Journal of rural health. Kenny, A., Hyett, N., Sawtell, J., Dickson-Swift, V., Farmer, J., OMeara, P. (2013). Community participation in rural health: a scoping review.BMC Health Services Research,13(1), 64. Laitinen, T. T., Pahkala, K., Venn, A., Woo, J. G., Oikonen, M., Dwyer, T., ... Morrison, J. A. (2013). Childhood lifestyle and clinical determinants of adult ideal cardiovascular health: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study, the Princeton Follow-up Study.International journal of cardiology,169(2), 126-132. Paul, R., Hollenberg, E., Hodges, B. D. (2017). Philanthropy in health professions education research: determinants of success.Medical Education. Thomas, J. S., Gilbert, T. R., Thompson, C. H. (2017). Preparing the future workforce for healthcare in Australia. Future Hospital Journal, 4(1), 67-71. Willis, E., Reynolds, L., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016). Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Sophocles Oedipus Rex Essays - Oedipus The King, Operas, Tiresias

Sophocles' Oedipus Rex Throughout history there have been some astonishing Greek plays. Some plays were more comedic in nature, so were romance plays and then there were some that were tragic plays. One of the greatest Greek tragedy plays ever written was Oedipus the King. Brilliantly conceived and written, Oedipus the King dramatizes the self-discovery and tragic downfall of Oedipus, the King of Thebes. It tells the story about a young Greek who was fated to murder his father, marry his mother, and in the process become the King of Thebes, before ultimately meeting his downfall due to his own deeds. That makes this play so fascinating is that there are numerous underlying themes within the story, and I will attempt to shed light on one of these themes, that being the dramatic irony of blindness. I shall do this by focusing on the words and actions of a minor character in the play, Tiresias. A minor character is a character that is developed in such a way to help reveal themes and depict certain literary devices. Literary devices are used in mostly all literary works, as they can help reveal pertinent information and also move the story along. In the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, the minor character of Tiresias is responsible for foreshadowing Oedipus' fate, developing the theme of blindness, and also illustrating dramatic irony. Tiresias uses his fortune teller abilities to foreshadow the anguish and destruction that Oedipus will encounter after he learns the truths of his life. Tiresias is also responsible for further developing the theme of blindness by using his own physical blindness to reveal to Oedipus his intellectual blindness. Lastly, Tiresias is ultimately responsible for imposing dramatic irony because of his great knowledge of the truth of Oedipus. In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, the character of Tiresias is developed in such a way that he utilizes many dramatic devices in order to reveal information and move the play along. As a fortune teller, Tiresias is able to see the fate and destruction of Oedipus' life. Tiresias uses his great ability to reveal to the reader the downfalls in Oedipus' life that will soon occur because of his quest to know his fate. The character of Tiresias demonstrates the use of foreshadowing in order for the reader to be aware of Oedipus' fate. ?You have mocked at my blindness, but you, who have eyes, cannot see the evil in which you stand; you cannot see where you are living, not with whom you share your house. Do you even know who your parents are? Without knowing it, you are the enemy of your own flesh and blood, the dead below and the living above here. The double-edged curse of your mother and father, moving on dread feet, shall one day drive you from this land. You see straight now but then you will see darkness. You will scream aloud on that day; there is no place which shall not hear you, no part of Mount Cithaeron here which will not ring its echo, on that day when you know the truth about your wedding, that evil harbor in which you sailed before a fair wind. There is a multitude of horrors which you do not even suspect, and they will equate you to yourself and to your own children.? Oedipus the King, pg 28. This passage foreshadows the destruction and misery that will soon be a part of Oedipus' life. Tiresias also foreshadows the self-mutilation and destruction of Oedipus. The following quotation clearly displays the use of foreshadowing by Tiresias, ?You see straight now but then you will see darkness.? Oedipus the King, pg 28. The preceding quotation foreshadows the self-destruction that Oedipus will commit because of the blindness that he holds towards his past and his fate. Tiresias explains to Oedipus that even though he can physically see now, in the future he will be blinded because he has learned the truth of his life. Tiresias clearly utilizes foreshadowing to illustrate the downfalls that will occur in Oedipus' fated life. Tiresias further develops the theme of blindness in Oedipus the King. Tiresias is a blind man who can actually see the fated outcome of Oedipus' life. Even though Oedipus has full use

Word Choice Role vs. Roll

Word Choice Role vs. Roll Word Choice: Role vs. Roll Some words, such as â€Å"roll,† have more definitions than is strictly decent. And since it sounds identical to the word â€Å"role,† it is easy to get these terms mixed up. But if you check out our guide to using â€Å"role† and â€Å"roll† correctly, you can be confident your written work will be spelling error free. Role (A Position or Part) We’ll begin with â€Å"role,† since this term has fewer meanings. Its main use is to indicate a position within an organization or system. In particular, being in a specific â€Å"role† usually implies having a purpose or duty: My role as a proofreader is to check texts for errors. Proofreading plays an important role in the publishing industry. The other key use of â€Å"role† is to mean â€Å"part for an actor†: I auditioned for the lead role in the play. One thing to note here is that â€Å"role† is always a noun, never a verb. The Many Meanings of â€Å"Roll† â€Å"Roll† has several uses as a verb and a noun. As a verb, these include: Turn over to face a different direction (e.g., I rolled onto my back) Move via turning (e.g., The car rolled down the hill) Turn something into a ball or tube (e.g., She rolled the clay in her hands) Make something smooth and flat (e.g., Roll out the pastry) Make a continuous, repeated sound (e.g., The thunder rolled loudly) And as a noun, we can use â€Å"roll† to refer to the following: The act of rolling (e.g., I will do a forward roll) Something that has been rolled into a tube (e.g., A roll of carpet) An official list of names (e.g., An electoral roll) A continuous, repeated sound (e.g., A drum roll) A small bread product (e.g., A bread roll) This isn’t even a full list of the uses of â€Å"roll.† For example, a tear can â€Å"roll† down your cheek, and a ship might â€Å"roll† from side to side in rough seas. However, we have covered the main uses of â€Å"roll† above. And the main thing to take away from this is that â€Å"roll† has many definitions! Summary: Role or Roll? The key here is remembering what â€Å"role† means, as this term has fewer uses: The noun role means â€Å"position in a system† or â€Å"part for an actor.† Roll can be either a noun or a verb . Its meanings include turning over, making a low rumbling sound, a list of names, and a small bread product. In essence, then, if you’re referring to a position or part in something, the correct spelling will be â€Å"role.† In any other situation, â€Å"roll† will be correct. But if you want to make doubly sure that your writing is free from errors, you can always have it proofread by our expert editors.

Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Life - Essay Example This particular speech reverses the pride and confidence that the young black girl had felt about her as the speaker constantly reminds her of her â€Å"unfortunate† place in the hierarchy of things within the white supremacist state of things. However, the speech of Mr Reeds serves to restore this pride as the young girl is made once again to believe in herself (Angelou 74). This poem marks a journey for the young girl from the point of innocence to that of truth. She is confronted by the hard reality of racism as it represents itself in the external world. From this point, the girl is then empowered to appreciate her identity and not accept any systems or discourses that are designed to diminish the girl’s self-identity. As such, the awakening experience helps her to live a better life. Similarly, Malcolm X’s story, â€Å"A Homemade Education† brings out the positive tone of the civil rights movement’s leader who taught himself a great deal about reading while in prison (Malcolm 56). It is a story that narrates the triumph of the human spirit amid the difficult and trying conditions of prison life. The ability to progress in reading and education outside the guidance of the formal system is a task that requires motivation and sacrifice. In essence, this story is meant to motivate the reader in a manner that would make him aspire to the kind of inner drive, which helped Malcolm X ascend to higher levels of knowledge. As such, the main themes of motivation, strength, and will power, which seem to inform the course of this story, are brought out as consequences of ambition and focus. Some qualities enabled Malcolm X to transform his life from that of a miscreant in the society to one of motivation, positive personality, and high levels of influenc e. Zora Hurston’s story â€Å"How it Feels to be Coloured Me† confronts the subject of racism in a forthright and creative manner. This story tells of how a young woman learns to come to terms with

Japanese Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Japanese Economics - Research Paper Example Most of the workers on the short-term basis worked hard to get long-term employment. This helped in post war Japan takeoff in terms of economics (Ohno, 2006). The transition from 1970 to 1980 saw Japan catch up with the other industrial economies of the world. However, this trend was not to remain due to unchanging policies. There was a lack of modern investment opportunities and poor management (Sakisaka & Gaimusho, 2007). This led to business firms, real estate and financial institutions falling prey to speculation. This finally led to the ‘bubble’ economy (Ohno, 2006). The effects were to be felt in the 1990s. Japan continues to struggle to get out of these effects until now. This will only be possible through sweeping reforms. This paper seeks to focus on the Japanese economy. Japanese Geography, Language, Population Japan is one of the countries of East Asia. It is made up of thousand of islands. However, there are crucial islands. They include Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyu shu and Shiloku. These are the largest of those islands that make up Japan. Japans neighbors are Korea, Russia, and China. It has a size equal that of Germany or California (Japan Guide, 2013). The language of most of the population is Japanese. However, there has been infiltration of foreign languages. The population is estimated to be 125 million (Japan Guide, 2013). In this estimate, two million are foreign residents. Most of the foreigners are the Korean. This place is also vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanoes. This is because this country is mostly mountainous. There is also variation in climate due to different islands that make up the country. Economy Japan economy ranks high in the world. In fact, Japan rank second among the most... Japan has been struggling with inflation for a long time. However, inflation is expected to slow down. For example, the central bank has introduced an inflation target of 2 percent (Einhorn, 2013). Various initiatives have been taken to curb inflation are already in place. The current one has been buying Yen to issue bonds. This will help by weakening the Yen and hence reviving inflation rate. However, Japan trade deficits have declined significantly. It stands at 362.4 billion yen that is half of what was reported at the beginning of the year (Einhorn, 2013). Moreover, in Japan there has been an increased in the number of unemployed individuals. For example, in March the unemployment rate was 4.10 percent as compared to the onset of the year when it stood at 4.3 (Trading Economics, 2012). For the last six decades, unemployment rate in Japan has averaged 2.68 percent. However, it was at its highest level in July of 2009 at 5.60 percent (Trading Economics, 2012).Japanese Openness, Cur rency, Current Exchange Rate, Primary Exports, Imports, Current Account Balance, Major Trading Partners, AgreementsThe rate of openness of a country influences its economy in myriad ways. There is a role and importance of this trend to economic growth. This openness is reflected in terms of international knowledge streams and international movement of people, resources and technology (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2011). Openness can also lead to failure of some key sector of the economy.

The Debate on E-learning: Advantages and Disadvantages

The Debate on E-learning: Advantages and Disadvantages People have different opinions about e learning. Some people think that e-learning is innovative and it reduces the time and distance barriers of education while the other group thinks that e-learning leads to feelings of isolation and frustrations (Handzic Ho-hur, 2005). E-learning can be defined as using network technologies to create, foster, deliver and facilitate learning, anytime and anywhere (Liaw, 2008 cited in Duan et.al., 2010). Due to globalisation corporations have to deal with more complex and uncertain situations nowadays. To survive and succeed in this environment the organisations have to keep up with the pace and have to be more innovative and efficient (Handzic Ho-hur, 2005). It is important to keep the employees up-to-date not only in the technology but also with the implications which use the technology and yield for more efficient and effective working (Newton Doonga, 2007). Corporate e-learning can be done in the form of e-training. Newton (2007) Doonga (2007) define Entraining as an environment in which training or instruction in a range of skills or techniques can be developed using computer technology. The purpose of this paper is to identify the benefits limitations of corporate e-learning to organisations. Corporate E-learning is the future of the business world. Corporate want to save more and more costs by having more corporate e-learning rather than sending their employees to different locations for getting the required training. Literature review Secondary Data: The literature review will discuss the various advantages and limitations of e-learning. The literature reviewed considers both qualitative and quantitative analysis in their research. The purpose of the literature review is to find gaps in the study that has been conducted on e-learning. This includes benefits, limitations and purpose of e-learning. Following are the benefits of e-learning: 1. Technological changes increase the velocity of work environment:   Technology has changed the way people live, work, think, and learn (Urdan Weggen 2000). The work force of today has to be on their toes to get a contract, to achieve targets and all the challenges that come their way. They have to understand a lot of information in a short span of time. The rate at which new products and services are introduced in the market is extra ordinary. As production cycles and life spans of products continue to shorten, information and training quickly become obsolete (Urdan Weggen 2000). The training managers have to deliver the services more efficiently and quickly. Training managers feel the urgency to deliver knowledge and skills more rapidly and efficiently whenever and wherever needed. In the age of just-in-time production, just-in-time training becomes a critical element to organizational success (Urdan Weggen 2000). 2. Cost Savings: Strother citing Newton Doonga (2007) assesses the effectiveness of e-learning in corporate training programs and gives some very impressive examples of à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nancial beneà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ts of corporate e-learning. She quotes that IBMs reported saving of $200 million in 1999 through conversion of their training delivery methods to e-learning, Ernst and Youngs reduction of training costs by 35% gained by replacing 80% of classroom instruction by using e-training and Rockwell Collins reduction of training expenditure of 40% by converting 25% of their traditional instruction to e-training (Newton Doonga, 2007) . Corporate e-learning also saves on the travelling of the trainers which can be used as optimum use of their skills.   3. Accessibility Flexibility of delivery: Schriver Giles 1999 prove that one of the benefits of e-learning us the accessibility and flexibility of delivery. It is cheaper to deliver the projects through reduced opportunity costs and reduced time away from work. It also helps to reach the wider constituencies, also to the most remote areas.  Ã‚   4. Globalization of business is resulting in manifold challenges: Advances in information technology and falling trade barriers facilitate business around the globe. As borders become less meaningful, global competition intensifies. International expansion has led to larger and more complex corporations. Todays businesses have more locations in different time zones and employ larger numbers of workers with diverse cultural backgrounds and educational levels than ever. Thus, more information has to be delivered in increasingly larger organizations, challenging internal planning, logistics, and distribution. Corporations worldwide are now seeking more innovative and efficient ways to deliver training to their geographically-dispersed workforce (Urdan Weggen 2000).   5. Trainees learn at their own pace: The trainees can take their own time in understanding the concept and dont have to rush. E-learning also helps them to have the training material in their gasp whenever required. Also it can be referred whenever needed (Elliot Clayton, 2007).   Community building and Interactivity (Handzic Ho-Hur, 2005): E-learning helps in community building and increases a lot of interactivity between the trainer and the trainee between different parts of the world. A research was conducted in state of online learning in U.S. higher education. The study was aimed at answering some of the fundamental questions about the nature and extent of online education based on responses from more than 2,500 colleges and universities. The below graph indicates the growth of students taking at least one online course. Limitations of e-learning: E-learning limitations can be categorized as technological limitations, personal issues and design limitations (Wong, 2007). Technological limitations: Wong 2007 believes that for e-learning you need to have a computer or a laptop to have access to e-learning. Rumble (2000) cited in Wong (2007) says that e-learning comes with benefits such as unlimited access 24 hours, 7 days a week, this privilege does not seem to be feasible for some people in rural areas due to the inability to access Internet services. The Internet penetration rate in Malaysia is only 31.8 % (Phang, 2004 cited in Wong, 2007). Good internet speeds are the basic requirement and these are only available in few places and not in all. Bose 2003 cited in Wong 2007 mentioned that, while it is feasible to access to high-speed bandwidth within the university campus, it becomes a problem outside the campus, where Internet facilities are less sophisticated. Handzic Ho-hur (2007) say that a lot of researchers think that e-learning lead to feelings of isolation, frustration, anxiety and confusion.   Personal issues (Wong 2007): Lack of personal technological skills can be an issue in e-learning. The new people coming and joining e-learning might feel clueless as they dont have a teacher to guide them.   Elearners have to be techno savvy. Hamid (2002) cited in Wong (2007) stated that technical skills could cause frustration to e-learning students due to the unconventional e-learning environment and isolation from others. Dringus (200) cited in Macpherson et al. (2004) agrees Hamid saying that e-learners may be unable to sustain their momentum unless they have right skills and they are self motivated. Design Limitations: Poor design of the e-learning courseware is a major issue for learners and e-learning providers Ivergard Hunt (2005) cited in Wong (2007). The design should be easy to understand so that the learner has the motivation to learn. Courseware design should be tailored to the needs of the learners: it should be easy to use and students should have easy access to guidance and information (Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003; James-Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 cited in Wong 2007). The following example explains how China adopted E-learning with the help of 5 influential factors (Duan et al., 2010). Another example of corporate e-learning is taken up by Japan. The Japan e-learning market reached 1350 billion yen in 2004, an increase of 41.3% from 2003 (Schnack, 2005). Traditional learning: Traditional learning is sitting in the class physically and taking lessons. The traditional classroom setting adds value in terms of instruction clarity. Traditional learning is available almost every part of the world where education is available. Students and the teachers are comfortable with the classroom environment as they have been always used to it. Teaching in this environment is more informal (Chen Jones, 2007). Traditional classroom teaching gives an opportunity to the students to ask spontaneous questions in the class. The teacher can answer to the queries of the students right in the class. Traditional learning gives opportunity to students to interact with other students and have live discussions on topics and have different opinions on one concept. Interaction between students is an important part of individual development. Teachers use situations to explain concepts to students which give them a practice to think on the spot and come up with solutions in a quick time (Lunce, 2006). Studies on e-learning have identified lots of benefits like cost savings, flexibility and accessibility of delivery and community building and interactivity (Newton Doonga). Also there is extensive research on the limitations of e-learning. The biggest difference between the two learning is the delivery methods so it is very important to do a proper research in this matter to find the differences. Important goal of this study was to be able to make meaningful comparisons between two delivery methods (Chen Jones, 2007). Mind the gap: Studies on e-learning have identified a lot of benefits and limitations. There is not a lot of research done on the difference between traditional room learning and  e-learning. This research will give us an idea about what do people prefers? Though there are many benefits proven but its the people who will be using e-learning in day to day life, so it is very important to take their opinion into  consideration. In other words we will try to find the user friendly of e-learning in the opinion of the people using this. This research will also give an idea to the people planning to take up e-learning in future. This research should be able to justify the benefits and limitations of e-learning in comparison to the traditional classroom learning. Research question: What do people prefer, e-learning or traditional classroom learning and why? Research Design: Methods, Methodology Data Collection: Methods are the techniques that are used to collect and analyse the data. Methodology determines whether the implementation of particular methods is successful or not (Veal. The method that can be used for this will be quantitative qualitative methods. The qualitative methods will help gathering information in depth and will be more subjective. The quantitative research will be more objective and will be analysed more statistically. Qualitative methods Samples / Focus groups: People from different organisations who use e-learning, a sample will be from organisation which does not use e-learning, a group of students who use learning and the last group who does not. Focus groups can be made and asked about the benefits of e-learning and traditional learning. This debate will give a good knowledge about the thoughts of people about both the concepts. The findings from the focus groups will help us to prepare the questionnaire for the in depth interviews. Different questionnaires will be used for different groups. As the demographics of each group will be different the questions have to be prepared keeping the purpose of the research in mind. Questions asked to the organisations using e-learning will be mostly based on the benefits, limitations and the improvements to be made in e-learning, while on the other side the non user group will be educated first about e-learning and then asked whether they will be keen to move to e-learning. The questions will be based on workplace e-learning. Same technique of two different questionnaire used for two groups will be used for the student groups but with different set of questions which will be more based on e-learning school education. In-depth interviews: The questionnaire made with the help of the findings of the focus groups will be explanatory. In-depth interviews will give an insight of the thinking of people regarding these concepts. The in depth interviews questions will be connected to each other. Quantitative methods: Surveys: Surveys will be conducted in general to get statistics of the number of people interested in e-learning or traditional learning. The questionnaire of the survey will be a mix of open ended and close ended questions. The questions in this survey will be more general to get the numbers only, like how many people are interested in e-learning and how many in traditional classroom learning. Data Analysis: Data Analysis will be divided into 3 different stages: Data Reduction: The irrelevant data will be discarded and only the data which is necessary and related to the research topic will be kept. Data Display :The data will be displayed with the help of graphs and tables as visual graphs can give a better understanding of the data. Conclusion: The findings and the important stuff of the research will be entered in the form of a report. These conclusions are stored so that they be used for future researches as well. Conclusion: As seen through the various journals and sources related to e-learning, it is quite obvious that the story is rather two-fold. There are studies conducted to test the worthiness of e-journal, whether people prefer to use this method, but as indicated earlier, there isnt much research on comparing the traditional classroom method of teaching with the so-called future of teaching e-learning. Where corporate are required to provide knowledge through interdisciplinary areas of the organization, e-learning tends to be a cost-saving method of knowledge dispersion. Though this might be true, there are a lot of people who prefer human interaction, rather the traditional method of learning. Based on this, I decided that future research can be conducted to find out what types of industries, entities or any such establishment, hence an increased number of surveys throughout the workspace spectrum are extremely important to find out the preferences of people in different parts of the globe.

Biddy’s Bakery: Operations Management Essay

1.Elizabeth’s largest challenge considering her capacity needs, is that she outgrew her first facility’s capacity and then decided to move to a much larger facility where she realized she had considerably more capacity than needed for her business. Elizabeth is essentially paying for a facility she is not utilizing fully; therefore her sales expectations are not being met because of the bills she needs to pay with unused space. Elizabeth should have researched more into the facility layout before deciding to up and move her business to a new location. With considering this first, she could have accurately decided if the new building was the right fit for the arrangement of resources in the facility to enhance the producing process. 2.The proposal the business students at the university made for Elizabeth might not be the correct structure for her business due to the layout they are proposing involving a repetitive operation design. With a repetitive operation, the product variety is low, the degree of standardization is high, and the throughput time is shorter. These are all characteristics that would not fit the business for a bakery. Her operation is Intermittent. A bakery is labor-intensive, because of the specialized orders taken by customers that Elizabeth and her business takes pride in. The workers need to be able to perform different tasks, depending on the processes needed of the products being produced. The student’s just proposing the production of the McDoogle pie in large volumes, changes Elizabeth’s whole operations from Intermittent to Repetitive. She would need to create an assembly line type of organization and still suffer from unused capacity because she would then be cutting out a large part of her companies products by no longer taking special request orders. 3.Elizabeth’s bakery is Intermittent involving the use of project processes, batch processes, or a combination of the two. With a repetitive operation, the one the students suggest, would involve line processes or a continuous process both operating on a standard product produced quickly but with little to no customization of the products. Repetitive operations are not only large volume with little customization; they are highly capital intensive where Elizabeth’s operation is labor intensive needing specialized with workers with a variety of skills. 4.The business would be very different if Elizabeth decides to accept the university student’s proposal. She would be changing her whole operations system and would need automation equipment since she would only be producing one type of pie rather then the variety she has been used to. She would also have fewer inventories and mainly have to organize the layout differently to accommodate the new processing needs. The time however, would be increased and she would possibly see an increase in sales. The mission she originally set-forth with her business was producing a variety of baked goods with old-fashioned style and taste. With accepting a repetitive design, her mission statement would not be altered. 5.I mainly would suggest keeping an Intermittent design in the new building because Elizabeth’s business requires a variety of workmanship qualities not available with mass production. By accepting the student proposal and having her pies sold in a store, would mean she would be competing on a scale she is not used to which is price. With customization, she can keep her prices relatively high. Elizabeth may need to hire more skilled workers in her field in hopes of making her through process faster and inevitably, her baked goods to her customers sooner. By making her business focus more on the McDoodle pie in the new building is not entirely out of the cards. Elizabeth could have both an intermittent and repetitive structure with the purchase of some automation to help speed up certain processes while keeping the layout design in the building separate. Most of her sales come from that pie so a larger percentage can be focused on that pie. FMS is a way for Elizabeth to have an automated system while still combining the flexibility her intermittent operation has to offer, with the efficiency still in tact of continuous operations. With this idea of combining some technology with her operation but still keeping her grouping technique of workstations, may help speed up her process and keep her variety baked goods in the hopes of increasing sales to help with bills while eliminating unused space so Elizabeth can work at full capacity.

Organisational behaviour case study Essay

Introduction The main goal for any business has always been to increase profit margins. In the past the companies focused only on the number of productions and other technical issues, whereas other aspects, such as human recourses management, were not valued as of high important. These days, business environment has changed dramatically. It is believed that organisational behaviour is one of the main areas for potential improvement in order to run a sustainable business (Robbins et al 2011, p.8). This case study will examine the internal management strategies of Westpac group (Westpac), one of the four main banks in Australia. It shows how Westpac uses organisational behaviour principles to increase job satisfaction to motivate its employees. It will also explain how the company supports its employees in conflict situations and analyse the leadership styles of the bank’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Gail Kelly. Studies have shown that using the appropriate organisational behavioural tech niques can promote a motivated, satisfied and conflict free work force, but how does Westpac motivate its staff and how satisfied are its employees in their job roles? Job satisfaction and motivation Westpac being a large, well established company is well aware of how finding, retaining and motivating its employees can be crucial for a successful business to prosper (Westpac 2006). The company is faced with motivating employees and, in turn, generating high job satisfaction throughout all levels of the organisation (Root 2014). It can also be deduced that if employees feel job satisfaction then this, consecutively, will filter through to create a positive experience for Westpac’s customers as well. However, in order to generate a motivated workforce, Westpac must offer its employees benefits, rewards and recognition, which are a few of the key causes of job satisfaction (Robbins et al 2013, p.59-74). These motivators come in many different forms and are sometimes, specific to an employee’s needs. When motivating a person with a benefit or reward, Westpac must understand that each individual person will value a reward differently (Root 2014). For example, an employee with a young family may value paid parental leave, or a shorter working day, over a promotion or a pay increase. Westpac shows that they understand that not all employees are the same and have  differing needs by ranking first in 2013 in the annual benchmarking survey ‘Work/Life Initiatives’ for their flexible work options, offering 12 weeks paid parental leave, access to child care as well as offering flexible working hours (‘Westpac leads in satisfaction poll’ 2013). However, for another employee, a valued reward may take the shape of opportunity to move up in the company. If an employee is promoted to a role they have been striving to obtain then that promotion is a means of recognising their hard work and determination and makes the employee more motivated in their job and the company, thus generating job satisfaction (Robbins et al 2013, p.59-74), while benefiting the company too. There are many ways that Westpac generates motivation and in turn job satisfaction, however, one of these is through job enrichment (Darling 1997). This is the practice of enhancing an employee’s individual jobs and increasing responsibility which, in turn makes the job more stimulating and rewarding for the employee, by giving them more control over their work and how they perform it, promoting increased job satisfaction (Robbins et al 2013, p. 171-190). By giving employees more responsibility and control of the work they are doing increased job satisfaction, as a lack of control or stimulation is often a cause of stress and boredom, which causes a decrease in motivation. It is hard to dispute that the correct employee motivation creates job satisfaction, and in turn customer satisfaction. In 2013, Westpac surveyed its employees and 70% said they were committed to their job, moreover, in the same year Westpac came out on top of the four main banks for customer satisfaction (Bennet 2014). Westpac places great emphasis on the prevention and resolution of potential conflicts between its employees. It can also be said that by creating a more comfortable workplace for employees this will in turn contribute to the efficiency of the company’s performance as a whole. Conflict management It is difficult to imagine any workplace to be completely conflict free. First of all, workplace brings together people with different values, personality traits and people of different ages. Moreover, when there is increased pressure on employees to meet targets, complete tasks faster often with a lack of resources, tensions can arise and the work environment becomes progressively more stressful for the employees. This means that  co-workers always need to seek an appropriate way to interact with each other at work. However, it is also an issue for managers as they are responsible for comfortable communication and conflict resolution between workers. According to Robbins et al (2012 p.450), there are three main causes or sources of conflict: communication, structural factors (such as size of a group and specialisation) and personal variables (including personality, emotions and values). Examining the conflict management system of Westpac, it is fair to conclude, that the company i s more focused on the prevention of conflicts that may arise from personal variables. As an example, the company pays great attention to the rights of employees to an equal employment opportunity. Indeed, today the recruitment practices of many companies indirectly discriminate potential employees because of their race, gender, age, sexual orientation or ethnic background. One of the main strategies of Westpac is to create a balanced work environment, free of harassment and discrimination. According to Westpac (People policies 2014), the handling claims about the events of discrimination applies to all employees, customers and partners working for the company. Westpac takes all reasonable steps to prevent potential conflicts caused by such events from occurring in the workplace. The company requires all employees to undertake special discrimination/harassment trainings and requires them to be familiarised with the current discrimination and harassment policies and procedures. Two other types of personality-based conflict in the workplace are emotional-based and values-based. The ability to balance emotions and reasons, understand the interests of each other as well as the ability to maintain good communication and stay reliable can help to prevent and manage a conflict (‘Managing Conflict’ 2007, pp. 46-47). In order to maintain a comfortable work environment for the employees Westpac has created the Employee Assistance Program, which provides employees with confidential counselling on a range of issues, such as family bereavements, lack of job satisfaction, outcomes of target oriented management, stress and trauma management. Another foundation, Critical Incident Management Program, helps employees after traumatic events: personal threats in the workplace, the death of work colleagues and threats from different external events. Why is it important for the company to pay so much attention to such type of conflict? As Robbins et al (2012, p.448 ) state, relationship conflicts are  dysfunctional. It means that they have a negative impact on the work efficiency. This point of view was shared by Karim (2009, p.289), who argues that stress on the job causes lower productivity and poor performance in the organisation. As an example, managing traumatic incidents can significantly reduce employee’s absences after the event (‘Prompt trauma management can reduce employee absence’ 2007). The company aims to encourage staff members to report any wrongdoing in order to help managers to adequately manage risk and cultural issues. Examples of wrongdoing can be a breach of Westpac’s Policies and Codes, improper behaviour and safety issues. As a part of conflict management, the company has established the ‘Concern Reporting’ system (Westpac 2013). It includes an online and telephone service, which allows anonymous communication, which connects employees to trained specialists from an independent organisation. However, if the conflict has already occurred, Westpac has a number of processes to highlight issues between employees and their managers with further investigation with senior managers if the issue is not resolved. It is important to realise that the relationships between employees are very susceptible to the leadership style set in the group. Leadership styles Leadership plays an important role to maximise efficiency and to achieve organisational goals. Effective leaders have an ability to motivate and inspire employees and contribute to the great success of the company (Keskes 2014). Gail Kelly emphases the importance of setting a clear direction for an organisation and articulate all employees and other stakeholders (‘Leadership advice from the CEO of Westpac, Gail Kelly’ 2014). This style of leadership has been successful to achieve the company’s goals and visions. This achievement brought her as a charismatic leader and her charisma helps her to all employees commit to the firm and generate higher financial performance (Davidson et all 2009, pp. 386-387). Now she is ranked the 11th most powerful woman in the world and is Australian’s highest paid businesswomen. According to Goleman et all (2002), leaderships are divided by six types, namely visionary, coaching, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and command ing.Each type of the leadership can be used apart, depending on situations. Companies spend a great deal of money on new  processes and efficiencies to increase one per cent of bottom-line profitability, but thirty per cent of the company’s bottom-line profitability is responsible by leadership style. Therefore, it is very important to use leadership styles to respond to different situations effectively. These days, dramatic changes can be seen across the financial services. Australian banks have competed for the biggest share of the home loans market. However, this competition has shifted to getting customers’ deposits. When the company pursue a new direction, visionary leadership style is the most appropriate. The objective of this style is to move people towards a new set of shared targets with clear explanation. Many companies end up with failure to changes due to slow response or when employees are not sure about the direction of the firm. One of the great successes of Westpac is that Gail Kelly uses this style effectively (‘Leader ship Styles’ 2011). Another style of leadership that is inherent to Gail Kelly is affinitive style. Affinitive style of leadership is also seen to achieve high employee satisfaction (Brook, K 2003). Westpac put the value on the importance of teamwork and the diversity of employees regardless of age, race and ability (People policies 2014). The company helps the employees’ to solve personal problems and encourages them to be more cohesive in order to create a comfortable work environment. This style of leadership is useful to enhance team harmony, increases the morale and the improvement of communication in employees, that is essential in current volatile situation in financial industry. However, affinitive leadership would be dangerous to use by itself since its emphasis’s on group work and it might promote poor performance or no future growth. For this reason, the need to combine different styles of leadership, that the company does successfully, is essential to reach the goals of the bus iness (Robbins et al 2011, p 357). Conclusion Organisational behaviour is more than just the principles of how people can work in the group together. It is a complex study that shows how the right interaction of employees can benefit the business’s effectiveness. The analysis of Westpac Group has revealed that the company endeavours to increase job satisfaction of the employees by rewarding each person correspondingly. Thus, in order, has a beneficial effect on the production  effectiveness, causing positive feelings among customers. The company appreciates the diversity among its employees and successfully manages the conflicts caused by personal problems as well as conflicts in relationships with others. The Westpac’s system of conflict management helps to prevent a potential decline in job performance and creates a comfortable work environment. The case study has also revealed that the company benefitted from the efficient use of different styles of leadership. The ability to quickly respond to the volatility in a finance sector by changing leadership styles helps Gail Kelly to lead the business successfully, enhancing team involvement and overall contribution. 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